The Taiping Rebellion was a Chinese civil war that raged from 1850 to 1864, fought between the Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. One of Suzong's first acts as emperor was to appoint the generals Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi to deal with the rebellion. As he was allowed to enter the palace, he asked that he become an adoptive son of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine Consort Yang Guifei, and Emperor Xuanzong agreed. An Lushan Rebellion; Map of military movements during the An Lushan Rebellion: Date: 16 December 755 17 February 763 (7 years, 2 months and 1 day) Location: Northern China. Italy. This was the highest death toll for any event until World War II surpassed it with over 62 million deaths. Estimating casualties is difficult; some place the death toll as high as 36 million, From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. WebGREAT TANG POETS: DU FU (721-770)China during Du Fu's Time:The An Lushan Rebellion. Some Tang officials north of the Yellow River resisted An Lushan under the leadership of Yan Zhenqing, the governor of Pingyuan Commandery (, roughly modern Dezhou, Shandong). [19][22], On his side, Matsui Hitoshi, noting that nothing in the historical records provides hard evidence of Sogdian origin and that An Lushan was living at Yingzhou, a settlement of Kumo Xi and Khitan people, suggests that "Perhaps [An Lushan's father] might have been of Khitan origin. I was even going to Google the black death and world war 2 percentage when I got an answer to compare. Wanting to show his military abilities, he often pillaged the Khitan and the Xi. Add between 1 cup to 470mL of water to drinking glass. The Emperor also sent Feng to the eastern capital, Luoyang, to build up the defense there; another general, Gao Xianzhi, was ordered to command a secondary defense at Shan Commandery (, roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan). Zhang then sent him to the capital, Chang'an; by not executing An himself, Zhang was hoping that Emperor Xuanzong would pardon An. Through Yangs patronage, An Lushan rose to prominence and was eventually made governor of three major frontier provinces in the northeast, giving him control of the eastern half of Chinas frontier, and putting him in control of 40 percent of the Tang forces. [35] Two of his sons, An Qingzong and An Qingxu, were given ministerial level positions, and An Qingzong was given an imperial clan member's daughter, the Lady Rongyi, in marriage. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. What is a crown prince?" Yang and Wei then suggested that An be promoted chancellor, and that his three commands be divided between his three deputies. Up Even Yan Zhuang and Li Zhu'er were said to be hit frequently. Pemberontakan ini terjadi dari 16 Desember 755 hingga 17 Februari 763, dan jumlah kematian mencapai 36 juta, menjadikannya jumlah kematian akibat perang terbesar hingga Perang Dunia II . In an effort to quickly establish peace after the Rebellion, the Tang dynasty pardoned many rebels, and put some of them in command of their own garrisons, eroding the authority of the central government. Wikimedia Commons. This page was last edited on 27 December 2022, at 14:50. You should realize many of the bloodiest wars in history took place within China, which is partly just due to the population of China being historically greater than most other regions. [44][45], The next morning, Yan announced to the Yan officials that An Lushan was seriously ill, and that he had appointed An Qingxu crown prince. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. In 736, after An disobeyed Zhang's orders and made an overly aggressive attack against the Khitan and the Xi, he was defeated. WebSamnite Wars. [14], In 740, An became the Bingmashi () of Pinglu Army. FOR SALE! Ordering a preemptive strike against his hosts, the Spanish massacred the Aztec inhabitants of the holy city; estimates of those killed by the Spanish range from 3,000 to 30,000. In 741, when the deputy chief imperial censor Zhang Lizhen () was sent to survey the Hebei (, i.e., the region north of the Yellow River) and visited Pinglu Army, An ingratiated himself with Zhang, so much so that he even bribed Zhang's servants. Li Xianzhong was afraid of An; when An ordered Li to attack the Khitan, Li rebelled, thus putting a halt to An's campaign. Beginning in 1206, Genghis Khan, having united the Mongol people under a single banner for the first time in history, unleashed his new empire upon the world. The An Lushan Rebellion was an 8th-century revolt against the Tang dynasty of Imperial China, whereupon in 755 the eponymous favorite general of Emperor Xuanzong proclaimed himself Emperor of the Great Yan dynasty. He executed An Qingzong and An's first wife Lady Kang, and forced An Qingzong's present wife, Lady Rongyi, to take her own life. This rebellion involved the death of some 1336 million people, making it one of the deadliest wars in history. Twitchett, Denis Crispin, and John King Fairbank. [16], It was said that An Lushan knew six non-Chinese languages, and, after he grew older, served as an interpreter in one of the military markets, which were set up by the Chinese government largely to obtain horses in exchange for silk through foreign trade. (Changan itself was briefly occupied by the Tibetan army in 764, after the course of the rebellion.). The An Lushan rebellion was one of them. This seemingly large figure was merely a shadow of the population during the preceding Han dynasty, under which 10,677,960 households included at least 56,486,856 individuals a decline of more than 40,000,000 over the hundred year conflict. The Three Kingdoms was a period of division within mainland China between the competing states of Wei, Shu, and Wu, lasting from 184 to 280. The latter would go on to rain down hell and terror on the Soviet Union for close to three decades. The Taiping, swarmed throughout the imperial provinces, capturing vast swathes of territory from the Qing. An reported this to Emperor Xuanzong, who ordered a retesting before him personally. Taiping Rebellion (Death Toll Estimate: 40 Million) The Taiping Rebellion in 1850 during Qing Dynasty was the reason behind the deaths of 40 million people. The, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Lushan&oldid=1129876077, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, officer of the Pinglu Army , translator. [40], Once he had assumed the imperial title, An Lushan spent most of his time inside the Luoyang palace. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. However, this figure is contested for various reasons, and scholars attribute part of the "deaths" (the count being derived from the difference in population according to the Tang census before and afte After being intercepted escaping, the Yan Emperor committed suicide to avoid capture thus ending the rebellion. His actions led to two princesses of the royal clan, who were married to Khitan and Xi leaders as part of the heqin policy, being executed in retaliation,[33] and both groups rebelled in 745, though An defeated them. An Lushan approached Changan with limited resistance, and in the summer of 756, the city, which had a metro population of roughly 2 million, was sacked. The Battle of Yehuling between the Mongols and the Jin dynasty, by Sayf al-Vhid (c. 1430). As a result, the deputy ministers of civil service, Song Yao () and Miao Jinqing were demoted. The Battle of Anqing (1861), by Wu Youru (c. 1886). Contact: prateekdasgupta@gmail.com. In 751, Xuanzong had a magnificent mansion built for An in Chang'an, sparing no expense, using jade, gold, and silver in many different places. Pivoting to the West after the execution of his ambassadors by the Khwarezmid Empire, Genghis invaded Khwarezmia in 1919; taking just two years to conquer the Central Asian nation, the Mongols slaughtered at least 25% of the local population who suffered approximately 2,000,000 fatalities. The The An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace Wikimedia Commons. Teatime History is your one stop destination for a better understanding of human history. The death toll is difficult to estimate, but An Lushan does not seem to have taken many prisoners. He responded, "Other than a faithful heart, there is nothing else." Zhang was set to execute An Lushan by caning, when An Lushan yelled out, "Is it that you, Lord, do not wish to destroy the two barbarian tribes? The Tang dynasty was severely weakened in 755 by the An Lushan Rebellion, which swept China into a seven year long civil war, and ultimately resulted in a collapse of border defences. From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. Zu Tianli (Chinese, 20th C.) "Year of the Dog" Original Watercolor on 175635071378 The rebellion overtly began on 16 December 755, when general An [1] In 744, An Rokhan (An Lushan) was made the military governor of Fanyang Province (Hebei), (jiedushi) of Manchuria, by the High Chancellor Li lin-fu, who favored foreign generals because he feared that Chinese generals might usurp his authority at court. WebIn 756, An Lushan and his rebel forces captured Chang'an, an event which had a devastating effect upon this thriving metropolis. The two teams divided again into vast forces, and called themselves the Allies and the Axis. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. Please read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules. He moved rapidly along the Grand Canal of China and captured the city of Luoyang within the year. WebDeath Toll: 20 million An Lushan Rebellion 755 to 763 This is another Chinese rebellion. The Revolt of An Lushan. I mean, I could use the Fravadn Yasht to claim that ancient Persians regularly killed billions of people. This event is also Referensi [ sunting | sunting Although not even close to the longest war in history, the consequences of World War II were both lasting and devastating. The Tang Dynasty (618-907) represented one of the greatest periods of Chinese history. However, when Emperor Xuanzong tested Yang's hypothesis by summoning An, he immediately showed up in Chang'an and claimed that Yang was making false accusations. There, An Lushan declared himself Emperor of the new Great Yan dynasty (), and launched the An Shi Rebellion (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: n Sh Zh Lun), also known as the Tianbao Rebellion (), because An Lushan started it in the fourteenth year of that namesake era. He approached Luoyang, where he encountered an ill-prepared army commanded by Feng, defeating Feng quickly and forcing Feng to flee and concede Luoyang to him. Thereafter, Emperor Xuanzong refused to believe any suggestions that An was plotting rebellion, despite Li Heng agreeing with Yang's assessment on this issue. Matsui 1981. The revolt, named the An Lushan Rebellion, ruptured through the imperial army. An subsequently submitted a petition on their behalf, claiming that the accusations from Yang Guozhong were false, but Emperor Xuanzong took no actions against either An or Yang Guozhong.[36]. In 748, Emperor Xuanzong awarded An Lushan an iron certificate promising that he would not be executed, except for treason, and in 750, he created An Prince of Dongping, setting a precedent for generals not of the imperial Li clan to be created princes. Highly unpopular among the peasantry, with the Seven Grievances listed against the Ming Emperor, in 1618 the Manchu chieftain Nurhaci began an armed rebellion. The Imperial forces then recaptured both Changan and Luoyang, though they failed to pursue the fleeing rebels. Welcome to r/AskHistorians. Mamden chiri-rekishi kenkyu hokoku 1 (1915). WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace it with the Yan He created An Qingxu the Prince of Jin and another son, An Qinghe (), the Prince of Zheng. 336 BC323 BC. An, caught by surprise of the Emperor's retreat, had Cui advance slowly into Chang'an, even though the Tang mayor of Chang'an, Cui Guangyuan (), offered to surrender. Where do we find this stuff? By this time, he was even more obese than before, and Emperor Xuanzong, on one occasion, jokingly asked him, "What does this barbaric belly contain?" Jump to latest Follow Reply. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. An Lushan (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: n Lshn) (703 - 757) was a military leader of Turkic-Sogdian origin during the Tang Dynasty in China. The power of the jiedushi, or provincial military governors, increased greatly after imperial troops crushed the rebels, taking administrative power away from the scholar-officials. WebIts death toll is estimated to be between 5% and one-sixth of the world's total population at the time. At a time that was not recorded in history, he married a Lady Kang as his first wife, and she bore him at least one son, An Qingxu, who, however, was not his oldest son. There are claims in China that the conflict killed several times that (by population records, Jiangsu went from 42 million to 20 million, and Zhejiang went from 30 million to 10 million). But in his sickness and blindness An became ill-tempered and paranoid, and would flog or even murder his servants if they had caused him any displeasure. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. After the Russian Revolution was over, three key Russian leaders emerged: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin. With his victory, An Lushan proclaimed himself the first emperor of the Yan Dynasty. for controlling the Khitan and Xi and surrounding area. Emperor Xuanzong responded, "He is the reserve emperor. An Lushan was extremely fat, and often played the jester to win favor. 1: Trial by Battle, J. Sumption, University of Pennsylvania Press (1999), The Napoleonic Wars 1803-1815, David Gates, Random House (2011), Napoleons Wars: An International History, 1803-1815, Charles Esdaile (2008), The Concise History of the Crusades, Thomas Madden, Rowman and Littlefield (2013), Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425-600, Averil Cameron, Cambridge University Press (2000), Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel, Moss Roberts, University of California Press (1991), The Mughal Empire, John Richards, Cambridge University Press (1995), The Origins of the Thirty Years War, Myron Gutmann, Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1988), History of the Thirty Years War, Antonin Gindely, Putnam (1884), The Russian Civil War, 1918-22, David Bullock, Osprey Publishing (2008), A Peoples Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution, Orlando Figes, Penguin Books(1998), Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru, 1530-1780, Philip Means, Scribner (1932), The Last Days of the Incas, Kim Macquarrie, Simon and Schuster (2007), Temur and the Problem of a Conquerors Legacy, Beatrice Forbes Manz, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (April 1998), Tamburlaine the Great, Christopher Marlowe, Kessinger Publishing, LLC (2010), Encyclopaedia of World War I, Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Roberts, ABC-CLIO (2005), The Background of the Rebellion of An Lu-Shan, E.G. WebAn Lushan Rebellion, Rebellion beginning in 755 in China led by An Lushan (703757), a general of non-Chinese origin. Also in 753, Li Xianzhong's troops were defeated by the Huige, and they surrendered to An, further enhancing his strength. This was an ethnic based war, which was done with religious underpinnings and it also took place during the earliest 19th century in China. An Lushan Rebellion. You are using an out of date browser. On another occasion, when Emperor Xuanzong's son Li Heng the Crown Prince was in audience, he refused to bow to Li Heng, stating, "I am a barbarian, and I do not understand formal ceremony. was extremely obese. The event involved military activity and direct deaths from battle, but also significant associated WebThe An Lushan Rebellion (755763 ce) was an dealt a death blow to the cost-effective . I had only known about Your Imperial Majesty, and not that there is such a thing as a reserve emperor." The An Shi Rebellion forced the Tang dynasty to become overdependent on the goodwill of provincial governors and military commanders. An Qingxu was then killed by a subordinate, general Shi Siming, who soon afterwards recaptured the city of Luoyang. In total, across more than a century of warfare the Mongols are believed to have been directly responsible for the deaths of 30,000,000 to 40,000,000 people, in addition to displacing hundreds of millions and indirectly causing the calamitous Black Plague in Europe. The beginning of the An Shi Rebellion in 756 marked the watershed of Tang power. (Soon, due to accusations of the eunuch Bian Lingcheng (), Emperor Xuanzong executed Feng and Gao, and replaced Gao with Geshu Han.) Wars of Alexander the Great. Not to downplay the tragedy here, but we should probably just take any numbers in a figurative sense, even if they were meant to be literal by the somewhat unreliable authors. 336 BC323 BC. Few historical events have caused as much death and destruction as the World Wars. [32], In 744, with further praises from the powerful chancellor Li Linfu and Pei Kuan, An was, in addition to Pinglu, made the military governor of Fanyang Circuit (, headquartered in modern Beijing). In 750 he was honored with the title of Prince, and in 751 he was made the military governor of Hotung. The rebellion overtly began on December 16, 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on February 17, 763 (although With the Imperial Armies ineffective, the Xian Army, a militia force under Zeng Guofan, served as the primary defense against the dominant Taiping. Zhang Shi was not able to even write one character in response to Emperor Xuanzong's reexamination. In mid-reign, he fell in love Yang Guifei, the wife of his eighteenth son, and she then became his favorite consort. The war had few set battles, but this did not stop the Dungan Revolt from becoming one of historys most genocidal conflicts. By 1877, in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia, two million Hui Muslims were dead while roughly six million Han had also been killed. These deaths represented almost 50 percent of the entire population of the three provinces. An Lushan Rebellion. At that time, Tang aristocrats no longer favored military careers, and the Tang dynasty relied on foreign-born generals to occupy major military commands. In 755,[12] An Lushan, following 8 or 9 years of preparation,[13] instigated the An Lushan Rebellion, proclaiming himself the ruler of a new dynasty, Yan. This is an idea that has been pushed by Stephen Pinker, who is not an academic historian, and when writing on history has used either non-peer reviewed sources like websites, or has misinterpreted academic histories. The American Civil War was not the bloodiest in history since The rebellion overtly began on 16 December 755, when general An Lushan declared himself emperor in Northern China, thus establishing a rival Yan Dynasty, and ended when Yan fell on 17 February 763 (although the effects lasted past this). Okay something I do not get about it. [15][16], By 736, An Lushan carried a general title and was serving under Zhang Shougui as an officer of the Pinglu Army (, based in modern Chaoyang). His generals rarely saw him, and most important matters were handled through Yan Zhuang ().[42]. Result: Tang victory . According to historical sources, his original name might have been Aluoshan[14] or Yaluoshan,[15][16] the latter stated by Jiu Tangshu to mean "war" in Old Turkic. An Lushan Rebellion. It was in many ways your standard, textbook peasant uprising resulting from all the usual markers of a dynastic decline: famine, natural catastrophe, burdensome taxation, eunuch corruption, and what have you. Eventually An Lushan was made governor of three major frontier provinces in the northeast, giving him control of the eastern half of Chinas frontier, and putting him in control of 40 percent of the Tang forces. Initial stage In the spring of 755, matters were beginning to Oh god why would you go between percent and fractions in the same sentence describing the same thing. The final death toll was staggering. [36], On Lunar New Year's day, 756 (5 February[1]), An Lushan declared himself Emperor at Luoyang, establishing a new state of Yan, making Zhang Tongru and the surrendered Tang official Daxi Xun () his chancellors. Roberts, Oxford University Press (2000), The Hundred Years War, Vol. The An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace Zhang took him in and treated him like a son. By 763, Tang forces had allied with Turkic troops and ended the rebellion. Morton, W. Scott, and Charlton M. Lewis. The savagery of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan may have culled the global population by about 11 percent; two bloody upheavals in China the An Lushan Zhong, Han. [42], Two years later, in 759, after Shi Siming killed An Qingxu and assumed the imperial title, Shi Siming buried An Lushan with the ceremony due an imperial prince, not an emperor, and gave him the rather unflattering posthumous name of La (, meaning "unthinking").[16]. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. Hoyos, Wiley-Blackwell (2011), England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075-1225, R. Bartlett, in New Oxford History of England, J.M. Geshu, with Emperor Xuanzong repeatedly ordering him to attack, was forced to do so, and was defeated by Cui. Beginning with the deterioration and eventual collapse of the Han dynasty, and concluding with the ascendance of the Jin, each rival faction claimed dominion over the others as the sole legitimate emperor. Subsequently, An induced Geshu to write letters to several Tang generals, urging them to surrender, but they all refused. An Lushan was extremely fat, and often played the jester to win favor. Although it is difficult to WebThe death of Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533, Luis Montero (c. 1867). There were many occasions when a major change could have In 1644, after decades of famine, floods, and economic woes, the impasse was broken when the Ming suffered an internal rebellion led by Li Zicheng. An tried to fight back, but could not locate a sword that he had put under his bed. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The An Lushan rebellion lasted for eight years and devastated the Tang empire. Arriving in Mexico in 1517, two years later an expedition led by Hernn Corts embarked with the goal of subjugating the native populations. However, the cost of the war rendered Wei vulnerable to external incursion and was itself defeated in 266 by the Jin. Wikimedia Commons. Press J to jump to the feed. An Lushan favored his son An Qing'en () (the son of his second wife, Lady Duan) and was considering appointing An Qing'en to be crown prince (instead of An Qingxu, who otherwise was in line to receive that title). [30] Why do you want to cane An Lushan to death?" The financial structure of the dynasty had collapsed during the Gaining momentum, the Xian besieged Nanjing in May 1862; despite efforts to break the siege by the superior Taiping numbers, the Qing loyalists held firm. The surnames Kang and An suggest that they were respectively from the Sogdian kingdoms of Samarkand (; cf. The long-term Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Roman writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater. Between 4 oz. The Tang dynasty began with the victorious Difficult ; some place the death toll as high as 36 million, Wikipedia. And Joseph Stalin of human history most important matters were handled through Yan Zhuang ( ) of Pinglu army of. Tang empire between 1 cup to 470mL of water to drinking glass Google the black death and destruction as world... As high as 36 million, from Wikipedia the free encyclopedia at the time Ziyi and Li an lushan rebellion death toll percentage were to. Was briefly occupied by the Huige, and often played the jester to win favor over, three Russian! Devastated the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) represented one of Suzong 's first acts as emperor to... 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